Ade, George (February 9, 1866, Kentland, Indiana -- May 16, 1944, Brook, Indiana). Purdue graduate (1887). Midwestern journalist and playwright. Professional career at Chicago Record (1890-1899). Newspaper syndication of his column "Fables in Slang" beginning in 1900. Appointed president of the Mark Twain Association of America (1941). Publications include One Afternoon with Mark Twain (1939).

Allen, Jerry (October 12, 1905 Benton, Wisconsin -- October 11, 1994, Norwalk, Connecticut). Female author and journalist. Worked for the New York Herald Tribune, Reuters and the National Broadcasting Company in New York, London and Paris in the 1930s. Publications include Adventures of Mark Twain (1954).

Anderson, Andrew Frederick (Oct. 6, 1926, Wenatchee, Washington -- Jan. 7, 1979, Berkeley, California). University of California at Berkeley B.L.S. (1950). Editor of Mark Twain Papers (1964-79). Publications include Mark Twain: The Critical Heritage (editor, 1971), A Pen Warmed Up in Hell (editor, 1972), Mark Twain's Notebooks and Journals. Vol. 1, 1855-1873 (coeditor with Michael B. Frank and Kenneth M. Sanderson, 1975), Mark Twain's Notebooks and Journals. Volume II, 1877-1883 (coeditor with Lin Salamo and Bernard L. Stein, 1979).

Andrews, Kenneth Richmond (May 24, 1916 -- September 4, 2005, Durham, New Hampshire). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign doctorate (1948). Professional career at Harvard Business School (1948-86). Editor of Harvard Business Review (1979-85). Publications include Nook Farm: Mark Twain's Hartford Circle (1950).

Asselineau, Roger (1915, France -- July 8, 2002, Paris, France). Sorbonne doctorate (1954). Poet and translator. Professional career at Sorbonne. Publications include The Literary Reputation of Mark Twain from 1910 to 1950: A Critical Essay and a Bibliography (1954, 1971).

Baender, Paul Edward (December 1, 1926, Alameda, California -- May 30, 2006, Iowa City, Iowa). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1956). Professional career at University of Chicago (1956-60), University of Iowa (1960-90). Publications include What is Man? and Other Philosophical Writings (editor, 1973).

Baetzhold, Howard G. (January 1, 1923, Buffalo, New York -- July 7, 2012, Indianapolis, Indiana). University of Wisconsin at Madison doctorate (1953). Professional career at Butler University (1953-88). Publications include Mark Twain and John Bull: The British Connection (1970), The Bible According to Mark Twain: Writings of Heaven, Eden, and the Flood (coeditor with Joseph McCullough, 1995, 96).

Baker, Laura Nelson (January 7, 1911, Humbolt, Iowa -- January 10, 2003, Minneapolis, Minnesota). Attended University of Minnesota (1929-31). Author, editor, librarian. Professional career at Richfield (MI) News (1949-53), University of California, Berkeley (1955-57). Publications include Dear, Dear Livy, co-author with Adrien Stoutenburg (1963).

Baldanza, Frank (November 17, 1924, Ohio - Jauary 31, 1985, Bowling Green, Ohio). Cornell University doctorate (1954). Professor Bowling Green State University. Publications include Mark Twain: An Introduction and Interpretation (1961).

Baskin, Darryl Benny (March 2, 1937, Alameda, California -- December 19, 1992, Pine City, New York). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1966). Professional career at Hayward State College, Holy Names College, Stanislaus State College, Windham College, Elmira College (1980-92), Director of Elmira Center for Mark Twain Studies (1986-92). Publications include Quarry Farm Papers (editor, 1989-91).

Basso, Clarence David (August 5, 1945, Lovelock, Nevada -- October 1, 2017, Washoe County, Nevada). University of Nevada at Reno graduate (1968). Journalist and Nevada historian. Publications include Mark Twain in the Virginia Evening Bulletin and Gold Hill Daily News (2013), The Writings of Dan De Quille: a Catalog of Sources: 1860-2015 (2016).

Beatty, Richmond Croom (January 6, 1905, Shawnee, Oklahoma -- October 9, 1961, Nashville, Tennessee). Vanderbilt University doctorate (1930). Author and educator. Professional career at Memphis State (1930-35), University of Alabama (1935-37), Vanderbilt University (1937-56), Nashville Tennessean newspaper literary editor (1956-61). Publications include Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Norton Critical Edition (coeditor with Edward Sculley Bradley and E. Hudson Long, 1961, 1977).

Beaver, Harold Lowther (June 27, 1929, Dessau, Germany -- June 2, 2002, London, England). Born Helmuth Lothar Bibergeil. Attended Oxford University, Columbia University, and Harvard. Author and editor. Professional career at Oxford University Press. Publications include Huckleberry Finn, Unwin Critical Edition (1987).

Bellamy, Gladys Carmen (March 9, 1901, Willow City, Gillespie County, Texas -- August 2, 1973, Mexico City, Mexico). University of Oklahoma at Norman doctorate (1945) being the first woman to receive a PhD. in English from that school. Professional career at Cheyenne (Oklahoma) High School, North Texas State College (1943-44), University of Oklahoma (1944-49), Southwestern State College in Oklahoma (1949-67). Publications include Mark Twain As a Literary Artist (1950).

Benson, Ivan Benjamin (December 15, 1896, Rimshult, Sweden -- January 29, 1982, Thousand Oaks, California). University of Southern California doctorate (1937). Professional career at University of Kansas, University of Southern California, University of Maryland. Taught University of California courses overseas in World War II to armed forces in Japan and Korea. Charter member of the International Mark Twain Society. Publications include Mark Twain's Western Years (1938).

Berkove, Lawrence Ivan (January 8, 1930, Rochester, New York -- May 19, 2018, Southfield, Michigan). University of Pennsylvania doctorate (1962). Professional career at University of Michigan-Dearborn (1964-2004). Mark Twain Legacy Scholar (2014). Publications include Ethical Records of Twain and His Circle of Sagebrush Journalists (1994), The Best Short Stories of Mark Twain (editor, 2004), The Sagebrush Anthology (editor, 2006), Insider Stories of the Comstock Lode and Nevada's Mining Frontier 1859-1909 (editor, 2007), Heretical Fictions: Religion in the Literature of Mark Twain (coauthor with Joseph Csicsila, 2010).

Blair, John Walter (April 21, 1900, Spokane, Washington -- June 29, 1992, Chicago, Illinois). University of Chicago doctorate (1931). Professional career at University of Chicago (1929-68). Publications include Mark Twain & Huck Finn (1960), The Art of Huckleberry Finn (coeditor with Hamlin Hill, 1962), Hannibal, Huck & Tom (editor, 1969), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (coeditor with Victor Fischer, 1985, 1988).

Blanck, Jacob Nathaniel (November 10, 1906, Boston, Massachusetts -- December 23, 1974, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts). Attended Boston public schools. Bibliographer and editor. Professional career at Publishers Weekly and Antiquarian Bookman (1936-52), Library of Congress (1939-41). Publications include Bibliography of American Literature (editor, 1943-74); first six volumes of this multi-volume set established the standard for Mark Twain descriptive bibliography.

Bradley, Edward Sculley (January 4, 1897, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania -- December 4, 1987, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania). University of Pennsylvania doctorate (1925). Author and educator. Professional career at University of Pennsylvania (1919-67). Publications include Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Norton Critical Edition (coeditor with Richmond Croom Beatty and E. Hudson Long, 1962, 1977).

Branch, Edgar Marquess (March 21, 1913, Chicago, Illinois -- August 14, 2006, Oxford, Ohio). University of Iowa doctorate (1941). Professional career at Miami University at Oxford, Ohio (1941-78). Publications include Mark Twain's Letters in the Muscatine Journal (editor, 1942), The Literary Apprenticeship of Mark Twain (1950), Clemens of the Call; Mark Twain in San Francisco (editor, 1969), Early Tales and Sketches. Volume 1, 1851-1864 (coeditor with Robert H. Hirst, 1979), Early Tales & Sketches : Vol. 2, 1864-1865 (coeditor with Robert H. Hirst, 1981), Men Call Me Lucky: Mark Twain and the Pennsylvania (1985), Roughing It (coeditor, 1993).

Brashear, Minnie May (August 17, 1874, Adair County, Missouri -- April 17, 1963, Kirksville, Missouri). University of North Carolina doctorate (1930). Professional career at University of Missouri (1919-44). Publications include Mark Twain, Son of Missouri (1934), The Art, Humor, and Humanity of Mark Twain (coeditor with Robert M. Rodney, 1959), The Birds and Beasts of Mark Twain (coeditor with Robert M. Rodney, 1966).

Bridgman, Richard Murry (August 24, 1927, Toledo, Ohio -- January 27, 2005, Oakland, California). University of California doctorate (1960). Professional career at University of California, Berkeley (1962-89). Publications include Traveling in Mark Twain (1987).

Brinegar, Claude Rawles Stout (December 16, 1926, Rockport, California -- March 13, 2009, Palo Alto, California). Stanford University doctorate (1954). Mark Twain collector and researcher. Professional career Union Oil Company (1953-72); U.S. Transportation Secretary under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford (1972-75); founding director of Conrail Inc. (1974-75, 1990-98). Publications include "Mark Twain and the Quintus Curtius Snodgrass Letters: A Statistical Test of Authorship," Journal of the American Statistical Association, v58, n301, 1963.

Brodwin, Stanley L. (March 31, 1930 -- 1995). Columbia University doctorate (1967). Prolific contributor to Mark Twain literary publications. Professional career at Hofstra University. Contributions include essays in Critical Essays on Mark Twain, 1910-1980 (1982), The Mythologizing of Mark Twain (1984), One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn (1985), The Mark Twain Encyclopedia (1993), Cambridge Companion to Mark Twain (1995).

Brooks, Van Wyck (February 16, 1886, Plainfield, New Jersey -- May 2, 1963, Bridgewater, Connecticut). Harvard graduate 1908. Literary critic and author. Pulitzer Prize winner in 1937 for The Flowering of New England (1936). Publications include The Ordeal of Mark Twain (1920).

Browne, Ray Broadus (January 15, 1922, Millport, Alabama -- October 22, 2009, Bowling Green, Ohio). University of California at Los Angeles doctorate (1956). Professional career at University of Nebraska (1947-50), University of Maryland (1956-60), Purdue (1960-67), Bowling Green University (1967-92). Publications include Mark Twain's Quarrel with Heaven (1970).

Brownell, George Hiram (May 17, 1875, Janesville, Wisconsin -- June 1, 1950, Fort Lauderdale, Florida). University of Wisconsin graduate (1904). Founded the Mark Twain Society of Chicago (1935) and Mark Twain Association of America (1941). Secretary and Director of Mark Twain Research Foundation. Editor of the Twainian (1939-50).

Browning, Robert Pack (September 16, 1940, Utah -- March 15, 2019, Baja peninsula, Mexico). University of Utah graduate. Professional career as an editor at the Mark Twain Project, University of California at Berkeley (1972-2000). Publications include Mark Twain's Notebooks & Journals, Vol. III (coeditor with Michael B. Frank and Lin Salamo, 1979); The Works of Mark Twain: Roughing It (coeditor with Harriet Elinor Smith, Edgar Marquess Branch, and Lin Salamo, 1993).

Budd, Louis John (August 26, 1921, St. Louis, Missouri -- December 20, 2010, Patagonia, Arizona). University of Wisconsin doctorate (1949). Professional career at Duke University (1952-91). Co-founder of the Mark Twain Circle (1986). Publications include Mark Twain: Social Philosopher (1962), Our Mark Twain: The Making of His Public Personality (1983), Critical Essays on Mark Twain, 1867-1910 (1982), Critical Essays on Mark Twain, 1910-1980 (1983), Mark Twain: Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, and Essays (2 vols., 1992), Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews (1999), A Companion to Mark Twain (coauthor with Peter Messent, 2006).

Buffett, James William "Jimmy" (December 25, 1946, Pascagoula, Mississippi - September 1, 2023). Graduate University of Southern Mississippi (1969). Singer, songwriter, musician, author and businessman. Publications include Tales from Margaritaville (1989) that includes a short story "Take Another Road" featuring a horse named Mr. Twain. Buffett also released his song "Take Another Road" (1989), inspired by Mark Twain's travel book Following The Equator. Buffett performed as Huckleberry Finn on the audio CD Mark Twain: Words & Music (2011) production for the Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum in Hannibal, Missouri. The production was released on Buffett's label, Mailboat Records, and his royalties are donated to the museum's endowment fund.

Bush, Harold Karl, Jr. "Hal" (December 30, 1956, Indiana -- August 18, 2021, St. Louis, Missouri). Indiana University doctorate (1994). Professional career at St. Louis University (1998-2021). Publications include Mark Twain Among the Scholars (contributor, 2002); Mark Twain and the Spiritual Crisis of His Age (2007); Centenary Reflections on Mark Twain's No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (contributor, 2009); Continuing Bonds with the Dead: Parental Grief and Nineteenth-Century American Authors (2016); The Letters of Mark Twain and Joseph Hopkins Twichell (coeditor with Steve Courtney and Peter Messent, 2017); Mark Twain in Context (contributor, 2020).

Canby, Henry Seidel (September 6, 1878, Wilmington, Delaware -- April 5, 1961, Ossining, New York). Yale graduate 1899. Professional career at Yale (1899-1922). Editor of Literary Review of New York Evening Post (1920-24). Editor of the Saturday Review of Literature (1924-36). Chairman of the board of judges for Book of the Month Club (1926-58). Publications include Turn West, Turn East: Mark Twain and Henry James (1951).

Cardwell, Guy A. (November 14, 1905, Savannah, Georgia -- September 29, 2005, Lexington, Massachusetts). Professional career at Washington University in St. Louis (1949-68). Publications include Twins of Genius (1953), The Man Who Was Mark Twain (1991).

Carrington, George C., Jr. (November 27, 1928, Washington, D.C. -- September 16, 1990, Devil's Lake State Park, near Baraboo, Wisconsin). Ohio State University doctorate (1959). Professional career at Northern Illinois University at DeKalb (1967 - 1990). Publications include The Dramatic Unity of Huckleberry Finn (1976).

Champlin, John Michael "Tim" (October 11, 1937, Fargo, North Dakota -- October 24, 2024, Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia). Peabody College (now part of Vanderbilt Unversity) master's degree (1964). Author of more than 39 novels of western historical fiction. Professional career at U. S. Department of the Interior (1967-68); Stewart Air Force Base (1968-70); Veteran's Administration, Nashville, Tennessee (1970-94). Publications relevant to Mark Twain include Fire Bell in the Night (2004); Tom Sawyer and the Ghosts of Summer (2010); Mark Twain Speaking from the Grave (2016); Tom and Huck's Howling Adventure (2017); Tom Sawyer's Dark Plot (2018); Tom and Huck's Deathly River (2020).

Clemens, Clara Langdon (June 8, 1874, Elmira, New York -- November 19, 1962, San Diego, California). Educated by private tutors and in a Berlin boarding school (1982-93). Mark Twain's daughter. Publications include Why Be Nervous (1927), My Father: Mark Twain (1931), My Husband: Gabrilowitsch (1938), Awake to a Perfect Day with Christian Science (1956).

Clemens, Cyril Conistan (July 14, 1902, St. Louis, Missouri -- May 16, 1999, Kirkwood, Missouri). Washington University in St. Louis graduate (1928). Distant cousin of Samuel Clemens. Founder of International Mark Twain Society (1925). Launched the Mark Twain Quarterly which later became the Mark Twain Journal (1936-83). Publications include Mark Twain, the Letter Writer (editor, 1932), Mark Twain and Mussolini (1934), Mark Twain Wit and Wisdom (editor, 1935), My Cousin, Mark Twain (1939), Young Sam Clemens (1942), Mark Twain's Jest Book (1963). After his death a special issue of the Mark Twain Journal (Vol. 37, Numbers 1 and 2, Spring, Fall 1999) was devoted to his life and work.

Clemens, William Montgomery (January 16, 1860, Paris Ohio -- November 25, 1931, Ocean Grove, New Jersey). Journalist and author. Publications include Famous Funny Fellows: Brief Biographical Sketches of American Humorists (1882), Mark Twain: His Life and Work -- A Biographical Sketch (1892).

Covici, Pascal, Jr. (September 2, 1930, New York -- February 9, 1997, Dallas, Texas). Harvard doctorate (1957). Professional career at Southern Methodist University (1957-1997). Former president of the Mark Twain Circle. Publications include Mark Twain's Humor: The Image of a World (1962).

Cox, James Melville (August 4, 1925, Independence, Virginia -- January 26, 2012, Independence, Virginia). Indiana University doctorate (1955). Professional career at Dartmouth College. Publications include Mark Twain: The Fate of Humor (1966).

Crimmins, Barry Francis (July 3, 1953, Kingston, New York -- February 28, 2018, Syracuse, New York). Graduate of Skaneateles (NY) High School (1971). Satirist, standup comedian, founder of Boston comedy clubs, and social crusader against internet child pornography. Recipient of "The Courage of Conscience Award" from Wellesley College (1993). Publications include Never Shake Hands with a War Criminal (2004); "The Sermon on the Mark," Mark Twain Studies (October 2006).

Crowley, Joseph Donald (October 31, 1932, Middletown, Ohio -- July 1, 2011, Columbia, Missouri). Ohio State University doctorate (1964). Professional career at University of Delaware, University of Missouri. Publications include One Hundred Years of Huckleberry Finn (coeditor with Robert Sattelmeyer, 1985).

Cummings, Sherwood Preston ( March 5, 1916, New Jersey -- February 3, 2005, Fullerton, California). University of Wisconsin doctorate (1951). Professional career at University of South Dakota, California State University at Fullerton (1963-80). Publications include Mark Twain and Science: Adventures of a Mind (1988).

Dane, George Ezra ( December 21, 1904, Pasadena, California -- October 28, 1941, San Francisco, California). Harvard law school graduate (1928). Associate editor of the Harvard Law Review. Practiced law with McCutchen, Olney, Mannon and Greene in San Francisco until his death. Publications include Letters from the Sandwich Islands (1938), Mark Twain's Travels with Mr. Brown (coeditor with Franklin Walker, 1940).

David, Beverly Rose "Penny" (August 27, 1927, Detroit, Michigan -- November 19, 2013, Green Valley, Arizona). Michigan State University doctorate (1976). Professional career at Western Michigan University (1964-94). Publications include Mark Twain and His Illustrators, Volume 1 (1986); The Oxford Mark Twain - 29-volume set (contributor, 1996); Mark Twain and His Illustrators, Volume 2 (2001).

Davis, Chester L. (April 17, 1903, Revere, Missouri -- December 6, 1987, Perry, Missouri). Patent lawyer. Editor of the Twainian (1950-87).

Day, Arthur Grove (April 29, 1904, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania -- March 26, 1994). Stanford University doctorate (1945). Editor, author, Hawaiian historian. Professional career at University of Hawaii - Manoa (1944-1969). Publications include Mark Twain's Letters from Hawaii (1966).

DeCasseres, Benjamin (April 3, 1873, Pennyslvania -- December 6, 1945). Self-educated newspaper columnist and writer. Proofreader New York Herald (1903-19). Columnist New York American (1934). Publications include When Huck Finn Went Highbrow (1934).

DeVoto, Bernard (January 11, 1897, Ogden, Utah -- November 13, 1955, New York, New York). Graduate of Harvard. Second editor of the Mark Twain Papers (1938-1946). Professional career at Northwestern University (1922-27), Harvard (1929-36), Editor at Harper's Magazine (1935-55). Editor of Saturday Review of Literature (1935-38). Publications include Mark Twain's America (1932), Mark Twain in Eruption (editor, 1940), Mark Twain at Work (1942), The Portable Mark Twain (editor, 1946), Letters From the Earth (editor, 1962).

Dias, Earl J. (March 23, 1916, New Bedford, Massachusetts - May 27, 2007, Fairhaven, Massachusetts). Boston University M.A. (1938). Educator, author, journalist. Professional career at Fairhaven High School (1938-1956); University of Massachusetts Dartmouth (1957-1981). Drama and music critic for New Bedford (MA) Standard Times (1947-1990s). Publications include Mark Twain's Letters to the Rogers Family (1970); Henry Huttleston Rogers: Portrait of a Capitalist (1974); Mark Twain and Fairhaven (1976); Mark Twain and Henry Huttleston Rogers: An Odd Couple (1984).

Dolmetsch, Carl Richard, Jr. (July 5, 1924, Vienna, Austria -- June 7, 2019, Williamsburg, Virginia). University of Chicago doctorate (1957). Educator and music critic. Professional career with Associated Press; College of William & Mary (1959-1970); lecturer for the United States Information Agency in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (1969-1984). Publications include Our Famous Guest: Mark Twain in Vienna (1992).

Doyno, Victor Anthony (July 12, 1937, Chicago, Illinois -- November 16, 2016, Clarence, New York). University of Indiana doctorate (1966). Professional career at State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo (1969-2004). Publications include Mark Twain: Writings of an American Skeptic (editor, 1983, 1995), Writing Huck Finn: Mark Twain's Creative Process (1991), The Complete Buffalo Manuscript Edition of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Teaching and Research Digital Edition (coeditor with Robert J. Bertholf, 2003).

Duckett, Margaret (March 11, 1906, South Carolina -- May 16, 1997, Seattle, Washington). Graduate of Winthrop College. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, M.A. (1941). Professional career at University of Washington at Seattle. Publications include Mark Twain and Bret Harte (1964).

Duskis, Henry G. (September 2, 1911, New York -- August 22, 1996, Los Angeles, California). Publications include The Forgotten Writings of Mark Twain (editor, 1963).

Eble, Kenneth Eugene (December 26, 1923, Shelby, Iowa -- October 19, 1988, Salt Lake City, Utah). Columbia University doctorate (1956). Professional career at University of Utah (1955-1988). Publications include Old Clemens and W.D.H.: The Story of a Remarkable Friendship (1985).

Emberson, Frances Guthrie (September 28, 1912, Columbia, Missouri -- September 12, 1995, Tacoma, Washington). University of Missouri doctorate (1932). Professional career at Southwestern College at Winfield, Kansas; Stephens College at Columbia, Missouri; University of Chicago, State Historical Society of Missouri; Tacoma (Washington) School District (1960s). Married Herbert Rockwell Hartley (1946). Publications include Mark Twain's Vocabulary: A General Survey (1935, 1974), A Mark Twain Lexicon (coauthor with Robert Lee Ramsay, 1963).

Emerson, Everett Harvey (February 16, 1925, Malden, Massachusetts -- July 9, 2002, Lenox, Massachusetts). Louisiana State University doctorate (1955). Professional career at University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1965-1983). Co-founder of the Mark Twain Circle (1986). Publications include The Authentic Mark Twain: A Literary Biography of Samuel L. Clemens (1984), Mark Twain: A Literary Life (1999).

English, Thomas Hopkins (December 28, 1895, Dow, Illinois -- January 8, 1992, Atlanta,Georgia). Princeton doctorate (1924). Professional career at University of Wisconsin (1920-21), Yale (1924-25), Princeton University (1923-27 summer schools), Emory University (1925-65). Publications include Mark Twain to Uncle Remus (1953).

Ensor, Allison Rash, Jr. (October 3, 1935, Cookeville, Tennessee -- August 10, 2024, Knoxville, Tennessee). Indiana University doctorate (1965). Educator, author, editor. Professional career at University of Tennessee, Knoxville (1965-2007). Publications include Mark Twain and the Bible (1969); A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court: An Authoritative Text (Norton Critical Edition, 1982); "Our Big New Organ Industry": Mark Twain and the Hope-Jones Organ Company of Elmira, New York (2005).

Erwin, William "Bill" (December 2, 1914, Honey Grove, Texas -- December 29, 2010, Los Angeles, California). University of Texas graduate (1935). Pasadena Playhouse, MA (1941). Film, stage and television performer. Wrote, produced and starred in one-man play "Twisted Twain" (1997). Performances include the role of Harvey Wilks in Huckleberry Finn (1975).

Ewing, Raymond Payton (July 31, 1925, Hannibal, Missouri -- December 9, 2020, Deerfield, Illinois). University of Chicago, M.A. (1950). Professional career as journalist and literary critic with radio stations and newspapers (1948-1969); Corporate Communication Director then Issues Management Director of Strategic Planning Department, Allstate Insurance Companies (1960-1985); founding director of Graduate Program in Corporate Public Relations, Northwestern University (1986-1991). Publications include Mark Twain's Steamboat Years (1981).

Fanning, Philip Ashley (April 7, 1935, Indianapolis, Indiana - May 6, 2024, San Francisco, California). Graduate Swathmore College (1957). Professional career with W. H. Freeman publishing company (1957-1977), owner Fanning's Bookstore in San Francisco (1977-1988), independent scholar and author. Publications include Mark Twain and Orion Clemens: Brothers, Partners, Strangers (2003).

Farmer, Philip José (January 26, 1918, Terre Haute, Indiana -- February 25, 2009, Peoria, Illinois). Graduate Bradley University (1950). Science fiction and fantasy author. Publications from his Riverworld series which feature Samuel Clemens as a character include The Fabulous Riverboat (1971), The Dark Design (1977), The Magic Labyrinth (1980).

Fatout, Paul (March 4, 1897, Indianapolis, Indiana -- October 26, 1982, Lafayette, Indiana). Professional career at Purdue University (1927-65). Publications include Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit (1960), Mark Twain in Virginia City (1964), Mark Twain Speaking (1976), Mark Twain Speaks for Himself (1978).

Faude, Wilson Hinsdale (February 20, 1946, Hartford, Connecticut -- May 22, 2017, Hartford, Connecticut). Trinity College master's degree (1975). First curator of the Mark Twain Memorial in Hartford (1971-78). Executive Director of Connecticut's Old State House in Hartford (1978-82, 1985-2001), archivist City of Hartford (2006-17). Publications include The Restoration of Mark Twain's House (1978).

Fears, David Henry Tine (October 5, 1943, Portland, Oregon -- May 27, 2023, Banks, Oregon). George Fox University master's degree (2005). Educator and novelist. Professional career at Pioneer Pacific College (2000-2004), DeVry University (2012-2014). Owner and operator of Horizon Micro Distributors computer company, the publisher of his 4-volume edition Mark Twain Day by Day (2008, 2009, 2011, 2014), which he researched and built on the work of Thomas A. Tenney.

Ferguson, John DeLancey (November 13, 1888, Scottsville, New York -- August 12, 1966, Salisbury, Connecticut). Columbia University doctorate (1916). Professional career at Brooklyn College (1944-54). Publications include Mark Twain: Man and Legend (1943).

Fiedler, Leslie Aaron (March 8, 1917, Newark, New Jersey -- Buffalo, New York, January 29, 2003). University of Wisconsin at Madison doctorate (1941). Professional career at University of Montana at Missoula (1941-63), State University of New York at Buffalo (1964-2003). Publications include Love and Death in the American Novel (1960, 1973, 1984, 1992).

Fischer, Henry William (January 10, 1856, Neuss, Germany -- June 6, 1932, Miami, Florida). Author and journalist often identified as Henry W. Fisher. Professional career as foreign correspondent for New York Sun, New York World, London Times; directed American news bureaus in London, Berlin, Paris, Vienna, and Stockholm. Publications include Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field: Tales They Told to a Fellow Correspondent with "Editor's Note " by Merle de Vore Johnson (1922).

Fisher, Henry William -- see Fischer, Henry William.

Fistell, Ira Jacob (March 31, 1941, Chicago, Illinois -- September 26, 2022, Pennsylvania). University of Chicago Juris Doctorate (1964); University of Wisconsin M.A. (1967). Journalist and radio broadcaster. Professional career at radio stations WKOW Madison, Wisconsin (1968); WEMP-AM Madison, Wisconsin (1971-1977); KABC Talk Radio, Los Angeles, California (1977-1995); KKGO/KNNS, Los Angeles, California (1996-1998); KRLA, Los Angeles, California (1999-2000); KABC-AM, Los Angeles, California (2000-2006). Publications include Ira Fistell's Mark Twain: Three Encounters (2011).

Foner, Philip Sheldon (December 14, 1910, New York, New York -- December 13, 1994, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Columbia University doctorate (1941). Book editor and writer on the labor movement. Returned to academia in the 1960s. Professional career at Lincoln University of Pennsylvania (1967-79). Publications include Mark Twain: Social Critic (1958, 1966).

Foote, Albert Horton, Jr. (March 14, 1916, Wharton, Texas -- March 4, 2009, Hartford, Connecticut). Playwright and screenwriter. Studied at Pasadena Playhouse (1931-32). Academy award winner (1962, 1983), Pulitzer prize winner (1995), Emmy award winner (1997). Works include "The Shape of the River" (CBS Playhouse 90 broadcast May 2, 1960).

Frear, Walter Francis (October 29, 1863, Grass Valley, California -- January 2, 1948, Honolulu, Hawaii). Yale law school graduate (1890). Lawyer and judge. Third territorial governor of Hawaii (1907-13). Publications include Mark Twain and Hawaii (1947).

French, Bryant Morey (August 20, 1916, Woburn, Massachusetts -- February 25, 1970, Pomona, California). University of Southern California doctorate (1961). Professional career at University of Southern California (1948-56), Indiana University, Central Missouri State College, La Verne College (1962-70). Publications include Mark Twain and the Gilded Age: The Book that Named an Era (1965).

Gale, Robert Lee (December 27, 1919, Des Moines, Iowa -- November 26, 2020 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Columbia University doctorate (1952). Professional career at University of Delaware, University of Mississippi, University of Pittsburgh (1959-1987). Specialized in writing reference works about individual authors. Publications include Plots and Characters in the Works of Mark Twain, two volumes with foreword by Frederick Anderson (1973).

Ganzel, Dewey Alvin, Jr. (July 5, 1927, New Albion, Nebraska -- January 31, 2011, Oberlin, Ohio). University of Chicago doctorate (1958). Professional career at Oberlin College (1958-97). Publications include Mark Twain Abroad (1968).

Gauthier-Villars, Henry (August 8, 1859, Essone, France --January 12, 1931, Paris, France). College Stanislas, Paris law degree. Publisher and author. Publications include French language Mark Twain (1884).

Geismar, Maxwell David (August 1, 1909, New York, New York -- July 1979, Harrison, New York). Columbia University master's degree (1932). Critic and literary historian. Taught at Sarah Lawrence College (1933-45). Contributing editor The Nation (1945-50). Senior editor Ramparts (1966). Founding editor of Scanlan’s Magazine (1970). Advisory editor Chicago Review (1973-79). Publications include Mark Twain: An American Prophet (1970), Mark Twain and the Three R's: Race, Religon, Revolution and Related Matters (editor, 1973).

Gerber, John Christian (January 31, 1908, New Waterford, Ohio -- June 26, 2003, Iowa City, Iowa). University of Chicago doctorate (1941). Professional career at University of Iowa (1945-76), State University of New York in Albany (1976-81). Publications include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer : Tom Sawyer Abroad : Tom Sawyer, Detective (coeditor with Paul Baender and Terry Firkins, 1980); Mark Twain (1988).

Gibson, William Merriam (Wilmette, Illinois, January 16, 1912 -- January 22, 1987, Madison, Wisconsin). University of Chicago doctorate (1940). Professional career at University of Chicago, Williams College, New York University, University of Wisconsin at Madison. Publications include Mark Twain-Howells Letters (coeditor with Henry Nash Smith, 1960), Mark Twain's Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts (1969), The Art of Mark Twain (1976).

Gillis, William R. (August 14, 1840, Wyatt, Mississippi -- August 19, 1929, Jackass Hill, Tuttletown, California). Calilfornia gold miner, brother of Steve and William Gillis. Spent time with Mark Twain in Tuolumne County. Published Memories of Mark Twain and Steve Gillis (1924), reissued as Goldrush Days with Mark Twain (1930, 1969, 1970).

Grant, William Douglas Beattie (1921 -- February 1, 1969, Singapore). University professor, author and editor. Professional career at University College, Toronto (1949-60), University of Leeds. Publications include Mark Twain (1962), Afloat and Ashore with Mark Twain (1965).

Gregory, Ralph (September 27, 1909, Washington, Missouri -- September 25, 2015, Marthasville, Missouri). Missouri historian. Attended Vanderbilt University. Curator of the Mark Twain Memorial Shrine in Florida, Missouri (1960-74). Curator of the Mark Twain Boyhood Home and Museum in Hannibal, Missouri (1974-77). Publications include Mark Twain’s First America: Florida, Missouri 1835-1840 (1965).

Griffith, Frank Clark (March 27, 1925, Missouri -- July 6, 2001, Eugene, Oregon). State University of Iowa doctorate (1952). Professional career at Harvard (1952-55), Iowa University (1955-70), University of Oregon (1970-89). Publications include Achilles and the Tortoise: Mark Twain's Fictions (1998).

Grimm, Clyde LeRoy (December 6, 1929, Cook County, Illinois--May 22, 1978, Travis County, Texas.) University of Illinois doctorate (1963). Professional career at University of Illinois, Texas Tech University, Sam Houston State University, Southwest Texas State University. Contributor to Mark Twain's Humor: Critical Essays (David E. E. Sloane editor, 1993).

Hagood, James Hurley (August 25, 1912, Pike County, Missouri -- November 16, 2002, Hannibal, Missouri). William Jewell College graduate. Professional career with Boy Scouts of America (1935-74). Hannibal, Missouri historian. Publications include The Story of Hannibal (coauthor with Roberta Roland Hagood, 1976), Hannibal, Too (coauthor with Roberta Roland Hagood, 1986), Hannibal: Mark Twain's Town (coauthor with Roberta Roland Hagood, 1987), Hannibal Yesterdays (coauthor with Roberta Roland Hagood, 1992), Hannibal Heritage (coauthor with Roberta Roland Hagood and Dave Thomson, 2003).

Hagood, Roberta Roland (December 7, 1910, Hannibal, Missouri -- March 21, 2014, Hannibal, Missouri). Hannibal LaGrange College graduate (1933). Professional career as teacher and educator. Hannibal, Missouri historian. Publications include The Story of Hannibal (coauthor with James Hurley Hagood, 1976), Hannibal, Too (coauthor with James Hurley Hagood, 1986), Hannibal: Mark Twain's Town (coauthor with James Hurley Hagood, 1987), Hannibal Yesterdays (coauthor with James Hurley Hagood, 1992), Hannibal Heritage (coauthor with James Hurley Hagood and Dave Thomson, 2003), A River, a Town, and a Boy (coauthor with Martha Adrian, 2006).

Hakac, John Richard (October 18, 1925, Rome, New York -- November 5, 2004, Scottsdale, Arizona). University of Texas doctorate (1963). Professional career at Arkansas State College, University of Arizona, Lamar State College and Arizona State University. Publications include Huckleberry Finn: More Molecules (1962) privately published under pseudonym Tak Sioui.

Harnsberger, Caroline Thomas (April 12, 1902, Columbus, Ohio -- June 29, 1991, Columbus, Ohio). Studied at New York Institute of Music and Paris Conservatory. Violinist, author and friend of Clara Clemens. Publications include Mark Twain at Your Fingertips (1948), Mark Twain's Views of Religion (1961), Mark Twain: Family Man (1960), Everyone's Mark Twain (1972), Mark Twain on Horseback (1978), Mark Twain Loved Cats (1981), Mark Twain's Clara (1982), Mark Twain and Birds (1984).

Haweis, Hugh Reginald (April 3, 1838, Egham, Surrey, England -- January 29, 1901, London, England). Graduate Trinity College, Cambridge, England (1860). Cleric, author, world-wide lecturer. Professional career as incumbent at St. James, Marylebone, London. Publications include American Humorists (1883).

Hays, John Q. (July 27, 1906, Van Buren, Arkansas -- June 1980, Melk, Austria). University of California doctorate (1942). Professional career at Texas A&M University (1929-68), Stephen F. Austin State University (1968-73). Publications include Mark Twain and Religion: A Mirror of American Eclecticism (1989, posthumous publication, Fred A. Rodewald, ed.).

Hecker, William Frederick, III (November 7, 1968, El Paso County, Colorado -- January 5, 2006, Najaf, Iraq). University of Oregon, MA (2000). Professional career at West Point and US Army. Killed in service in Iraq. Publications include: "The Androgynous Warrior: An Examination of Gender Blending in Twain's Military Heroes," Mark Twain Annual (2003); Private Perry and Mister Poe: The West Point Poems, 1831, ed. (2005).

Hemminghaus, Edgar Hugo Julius (January 25, 1900, Columbus, Ohio -- February 14, 1974, Dade County, Florida). Columbia University doctorate (1939). Professional career at Hunter College (1928-68). Publications include Mark Twain in Germany (1939, 1966).

Henderson, Archibald (June 17, 1877, Salisbury, North Carolina -- Dec. 6, 1963, Chapel Hill, North Carolina). University of North Carolina doctorate (1908). University of Chicago doctorate (1915). Professional career at University of North Carolina (1899-1948). Publications include Mark Twain (1911).

Hill, Hamlin Lewis (November 7, 1931, Houston, Texas -- July 16, 2002, Los Alamos, New Mexico). University of Chicago doctorate (1959). Professional career at University of New Mexico (1959-61, 63-68, 75-86), University of Wyoming (1961-63), University of Chicago (1968-75), Texas A&M University (1986-96). Publications include Mark Twain and Elisha Bliss (1964), Mark Twain's Letters to His Publishers, 1867-1894 (editor, 1967), Mark Twain: God's Fool (1973).

Hillyer, Katharine C. (March 6, 1912, District of Columbia -- October 13, 1968, Virginia City, Nevada). Western High School, Washington, DC graduate (1929). Stenographer and magazine writer. Coauthored a column in Virginia City Territorial Enterprise beginning in 1950s. Publications include Young Reporter Mark Twain in Virginia City (1964).

Holbrook, Harold Rowe, Jr. (February 17, 1925, Cleveland, Ohio -- January 23, 2021, Beverly Hills, California). Award-winning actor of stage, film and television who carved out a six-decade career performing as Mark Twain in "Mark Twain, Tonight!" (1954-2017). He received a Tony award for the performance in 1966. Graduate of Culver Military Academy (1942); Denison University located in central Ohio (1948). Publications include Mark Twain Tonight! An Actor's Portrait (1959); Harold, The Boy Who Became Mark Twain (2011); Mark Twain and Youth, Foreword -- edited by Kevin Mac Donnell and R. Kent Rasmussen (2016).

Honce, Charles Ellsworth (Noember 18, 1895, Keokuk, Iowa -- August 29, 1975, New York, New York). Keokuk high school graduate. Editor and bibliophile. Professional career with Associated Press (1919 - 1953). Publications include The Adventures of Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass (editor, 1928).

Hornberger, Theodore R. (January 13, 1906, Michigan -- March 14, 1975, Minneapolis, Minnesota). University of Michigan doctorate. Professional career at University of Michigan (1928-1937), University of Minnesota, University of Texas, University of Pennsylvania. Publications include Mark Twain's Letters to Will Bowen (editor, 1941).

Howard, Goldena Roland (April 17, 1914, Hannibal, Missouri -- December 15, 2000, Hannibal, Missouri). Columbia College graduate. Professional career at State Historical Society of Missouri in Columbia. Publications include The Mark Twain Book (coauther with husband Oliver Nelson Howard, 1985).

Howard, Joan (pseudonym). See Prud'hommeaux, Patricia Whyte Gordon

Howard, Oliver Nelson (January 6, 1915, Woodland, Missouri -- February 14, 1992, Hannibal, Missouri). Publications include The Mark Twain Book (coauther with wife Goldena Roland Howard, 1985).

Howell, John (June 13, 1874, Healdsburg, California -- April 16, 1956, Berkeley, California). University of California at Berkeley graduate (1896). Rare book dealer and publisher. Publications include Sketches of the Sixties by Bret Harte and Mark Twain (1927).

Howells, William Dean (March 1, 1837, Martin's Ferry, Ohio - May 11, 1920, New York, New York). Self educated. Novelist, critic, editor and intimate friend of Mark Twain. Editor for Atlantic Monthly and Harper's Magazine. Yale honorary doctorate (1901). Publications include My Mark Twain (1910).

Inge, Milton Thomas (March 18, 1936, Newport News, Virginia -- May 15, 2021, Richmond, Virginia). Vanderbilt University doctorate (1964). One of the founders of the Popular Culture Association and the American Humor Studies Association. One of the first academics to cover comics as a college course. Professional career at Vanderbilt University (1962-1964); Michigan State University (1964-1969); Virginia Commonwealth University (1969-1980); Clemson University (1980-1984); Randolph-Macon College (1984-2021). Publications include Huck Finn Among the Critics: A Centennial Selection, 1884-1984 (editor, 1984); Tom Sawyer Abroad (afterword, 1996); A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (introduction and notes, 1997); Mark Twain, Chuck Jones, and the Art of Imitation (2008); Mark Twain in the Comics: An Exhibition (2009).

Janssen, Dale Hilton (October 13, 1921, Nuckolls County, Nebraska - January 17, 1991, Elmira, New York). University of Missouri graduate (1948). Professional career as transportation manager with Missouri Farmers Association (MFA) and other work, including entertaining hospital patients with his harmonica. Appeared frequently as a Mark Twain performer after 1983 and made a video documentary "Mark Twain Remembers" (1986). Publications include Mark Twain Walking American Again (1987); Storytelling Mark Twain Style (1988); and Traveling West Mark Twain Style (1989) -- all coauthored with Janice J. Beaty, whom he later married.

Jerome, Robert D. (August 13, 1919, New York -- September 26, 1999, Elmira, New York). Elmira, New York businessman. Publications include Mark Twain in Elmira (coauthor with Herbert A. Wisbey, 1977).

Johnson, Merle de Vore (November 24, 1874, Oregon City, Oregon -- September 1, 1935, New York, New York) Stanford University graduate. Bibliographer, rare-book dealer, professional illustrator and cartoonist. Staff cartoonist Puck magazine (1914-17). Publications include A Bibliography of the Works of Mark Twain (1910, revised 1935), Queen Victoria's Jubilee (publisher, 1910), Mark Twain: Able Yachtsman (editor, 1920), Abroad with Mark Twain and Eugene Field (contributor with Henry W. Fischer, 1922), More Maxims of Mark (editor and publisher, 1927).

Kahn, Sholom Jacob (October 15, 1918, New York City, New York -- October 27, 2007, Jerusalem, Israel). Columbia University doctorate (1950). Professional career at Queens College, Flushing, New York, (1946-48); Columbia University (1948-1950); Hebrew University, Jerusalem (1951-87). Publications include Mark Twain's Mysterious Stranger: A Study of the Manuscript Texts (1978); "Mark Twain's Philosemitism: 'Concerning the Jews,'" (Mark Twain Journal, vol. 23, no. 2, Fall 1985).

Kane, Harnett Thomas (November 8, 1910, New Orleans, Louisiana -- September 4, 1984, Gretna, Louisiana) Tulane University graduate (1931). Journalist and author. Publications include Young Mark Twain and the Mississippi (1966, 1987).

Kaplan, Justin Daniel (September 5, 1925, Manhattan, New York -- March 2, 2014, Cambridge, Massachusetts) Harvard graduate (1944). Biographer and editor. Publications include Pulitzer prize winner Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (1966), Mark Twain and His World (1974), Lincoln Steffens: A Biography (1974), Walt Whitman: A Life (1980), Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (editor 1992, 2002), When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in the Gilded Age (2006).

Karanovich, Nick (February 23, 1938, Clinton, Indiana -- January 11, 2003, Fort Wayne, Indiana). Graduate Indiana University. St. Francis College master's degree. Professional career in Fort Wayne, Indiana school system. Mark Twain collector whose acquistions were catalogued in Sotheby's: The Mark Twain Collection (June 19, 2003). Publications include Overland with Mark Twain: James B. Pond's Photographs and Journal of the North American Lecture Tour of 1895 (coeditor with Alan Gribben, 1992).

Katz, Janet. See Janet Smith.

Kesterson, David Bert (February 19, 1938, Springfield, Missouri -- March 12, 2019, Denton, Texas). University of Arksansas doctorate (1965). Educator, author and editor. Professional career at North Carolina State University, University of North Texas (1968-2007). In addition to books on Bill Nye and Josh Billings, he editied Critics of Mark Twain: Readings in Literry Criticism (1973).

Kiskis, Michael ( July 4, 1954, Amsterdam, New York -- May 8, 2011, Binghamton, New York). State University of New York doctorate. Professional career at Elmira College (1993-2011). Publications include Mark Twain's Own Autobiography: Chapters from the North American Review (editor, 1990, 2010), Constructing Mark Twain: New Directions in Scholarship (coeditor with Laura Skandera-Trombley, 2001).

Krumpelmann, John Theodore (August 8, 1892, New Orleans, Louisiana -- June 12, 1986, Baton Rouge, Louisiana). Harvard doctorate (1924). Professional career Louisiana State University (1938-1962). Publications include Mark Twain and the German Language (1953).

Lane, Blaise Whitehead (March 25, 1906, California -- February 13, 1980, San Mateo, California). Birth name Marjorie C. Whitehead; she later changed her first name to honor her grandfather Thomas Blaise Evans (b. 1871 in Missouri). Freelance writer and children's author. Attended University of California at Berkeley. Publications include Mark Twain: Adventure in Old Nevada (1956).

Lathem, Edward Connery (December 15, 1926, Littleton, New Hampshire -- May 15, 2009, Hanover, New Hampshire). Oxford University doctorate (1961). Librarian, historian and editor. Professional career at Dartmouth College (1952-2009). Publications include Mark Twain's Four Weeks in England, 1907 (2006).

Lauber, John Francis (June 17, 1925, Montana -- June 21, 2004, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). University of Washington doctorate. Publications include The Making of Mark Twain: A Biography (1985), The Inventions of Mark Twain (1990).

Lawton, Mary (July 21, 1869, Ware, Massachusetts -- January 21, 1945, Orangeburg, New York). American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Actress and author. Publications include A Lifetime with Mark Twain: The Memories of Katy Leary (1925), Schumann-Heink, the Last of the Titans (1928), The Paderewski Memoirs (1938).

Leary, Lewis Gaston (April 18, 1906, Blauvelt, New York -- May 3, 1990, Chapel Hill, North Carolina). Columbia University doctorate. Professional career at Columbia University (1952-1968), University of North Carolina (1968-1976). Publications include Mark Twain (1960), Mark Twain's Letters to Mary (editor, 1961), A Casebook on Mark Twain's Wound (editor, 1962), Mark Twain's Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893-1909 (editor, 1969), Southern Excursions; Essays on Mark Twain and Others (editor, 1971).

Legman, Gershon (November 2, 1917, Scranton, Pennsylvania -- February 23, 1999, Opio, France). Attended Scranton Central High School; self educated. Author, bibliographer and anthologist of erotic humor. Publications include The Mammoth Cod (editor, 1976).

Leisy, Ernest Erwin (December 22, 1887, Moundridge, Kansas -- March 8, 1968, Dallas, Texas). University of Illinois doctorate (1923). Professional career at Southern Methodist University (1927-1957). Publications include The Letters of Quintus Curtius Snodgrass (editor, 1946).

LeMaster, Jimmie Ray (J. R.) (March 29, 1934, Pike County, Ohio -- June 29, 2014, Waco, Texas). Bowling Green Unversity doctorate (1970). Professional career at Defiance College (1962-1977); Baylor University (1977-2006). Publications include The New Mark Twain Handbook (1985, coauthor with Eugene Hudson Long); The Mark Twain Encyclopedia (1993, 2011, coeditor with James D. Wilson).

Lennon, Nigey (Birth name Margo Anne Williams: July 1, 1954, Santa Monica, California -- November 14, 2016, Northport, New York). Attended Mira Costa High School, Manhattan Beach, California (1968-1970); expelled prior to graduation. Enrolled in El Camino College on probationary status (1971) and studied music before dropping out. Writer and musician. Married newspaper journalist, author and publisher Lionel Rolfe in mid-1970s and contributed to numerous California newspaper publications (1974-1990s). Gained notoriety with her book Being Frank: My Time with Frank Zappa (1995) that detailed her teenage love affair with musician Frank Zappa. Left California and relocated to Long Island, New York to concentrate on her musical career in early 2000s. Publications include Mark Twain in California (1982), The Sagebrush Bohemian: Mark Twain in California (1990).

Leon, Philip Wheeler (December 28, 1944, Memphis, Tennessee -- February 26, 2012, Charleston, South Carolina). Vanderbilt University doctorate (1974). Educator and author. Professional career with The Citadel (beginning in 1975); U. S. Army Reserve; Defense Intelligence Agency; Sr. Advisor to Superintendent at West Point; Commander of military intelligence unit at Fort Bragg. Publications include Mark Twain and West Point (1996).

Lewis, Oscar Joseph (May 5, 1893, San Francisco, California -- July 11, 1992, San Francisco California). Attended University of California at Berkeley (1912). Author and historian. Secretary for Book Club of California (1921-1946). Publications include The Origin of The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1931).

Long, Eugene Hudson (November 4, 1908, Waco, Texas -- August 29, 1990, Waco, Texas). University of Pennsylvania doctorate (1942). Professional career at Baylor University (1949-76). Publications include Mark Twain Handbook (1958, revised 1985 with coauthor J. R. LeMaster), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Norton Critical Edition (coeditor with Edward Sculley Bradley and Richmond Croom Beatty, 1961, 1977).

Loos, William Henry (February 26, 1937, North Tonawanda, New York -- January 24, 2017, Buffalo, New York). Graduate University of Buffalo and Syracuse University. Librarian and curator. Professional career at Buffalo and Erie County Public Library (1972-2002). Played an instrumental role in the recovery of the missing half of Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn manuscript. Publications include A Brief History of the Misadventures of Huckleberry Finn (1995, pamphlet); "The Most Humane of Humans: Mark Twain and John Harrison Mills," Western New York Heritage (Fall 2002); Huck Finn’s Greatest Adventure (2013, miniature book).

Lorch, Fredrick William (October 29, 1893, Elberfeld, Wuppertal, Germany, 1893 -- January 16, 1967, Sherman, Texas). University of Iowa doctorate. Professional career at Iowa State University (1921-64), Austin College in Sherman, Texas (1964-67). Publications include The Trouble Begins at Eight: Mark Twain's Lecture Tours (1969).

Lynn, Kenneth Schuyler ( June 17, 1923, Cleveland, Ohio -- June 24, 2001, New York, New York). Harvard doctorate (1954). Professional career at Harvard (1954-68), Federal City College in Washington, D. C.(1968), John Hopkins University (1969-89). Publications include Mark Twain and Southwestern Humor (1959, 1972), Hemingway: The Life and the Work (1987), Charlie Chaplin and His Times (1997).

Mack, Effie Mona (October 1888, Kansas -- February 1969, Reno, Nevada). University of California doctorate (1930). Professional career at University of Nevada. Publications include Mark Twain in Nevada (1947).

MacLaren, Gay Zenola (July 20, 1881, Reedstown, Wisconsin -- May 20, 1952, Chicago, Illinois). Also known as Mrs. Ralph Parlette and Mrs. Carl E. Backman. Graduate Manning College of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art in Minneapolis (1899). Chautauqua circuit dramatic reader and entertainer. Publications include Morally We Roll Along (1938).

Martin, Patrick Earle (March 23, 1949, Spartanburg, South Carolina -- May 12, 2019, Buffalo, New York). General counsel for Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. University of Buffalo juris doctorate (1985). Instrumental in arranging the return of the missing half of Mark Twain's manuscript of Huckleberry Finn back to the Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Publications include Mark Twain in Buffalo, coeditor with Robert Hirst (2010).

Mason, Miriam Evangeline (January 23, 1897, Goshen, Indiana -- February 20, 1973, Batesville, Indiana). Attended Indiana University (1919). Married to M. M. Swain (1924). Educator, magazine editor, children's author. Publications include Mark Twain: Boy of Old Missouri (1942).

Masters, Edgar Lee (August 23, 1868, Garnett, Kansas -- March 5, 1950, Melrose Park, Pennsylvania). Self-educated lawyer, author and poet. Admitted to Illinois bar and established law practice (1893). Law partnership with Clarence Darrow (1903-08). Most noted for Spoon River Anthology (1915) a series of poems about his boyhood in Illinois. Other publications include Mark Twain: A Portrait (1938).

Matthews, James Brander (February 21, 1852, New Orleans, Louisiana -- March 31, 1929, New York, New York). Columbia Law School graduate (1883). Teacher, literary critic and author. Professional career Columbia University (1892-1924). Wrote the introductory essay to the American Publishing Company's 1899 uniform edition of Mark Twains works. Publications include An Introduction to the Study of American Literature (1896, 1911, 1918).

McCall, Edith S. (September 5, 1911 -- October 16, 2002, Albuquerque, New Mexico). Graduate University of Wisconsin (1930). Educator and author specializing in novels for children with learning disabilities. Publications include Pioneers on Early Waterways: Davy Crockett to Mark Twain (1961).

McKeithan, Daniel Morley (November 9, 1902, Florence, South Carolina -- December 9, 1985, Austin, Texas). University of Texas doctorate (1935). Professional career at University of Texas (1965-1973). Publications include Traveling with the Innocents Abroad: Mark Twain's Original Reports from Europe and the Holy Land (editor, 1958), Court Trials in Mark Twain and Other Essays (editor, 1958).

McKown, Robin (January 27, 1907, Boulder, Colorado -- August 1975, Beaver Dams, New York). Graduate University of Colorado at Boulder. Writer of biographies for young adults. Publications include Mark Twain: Novelist, Humorist, Satirist, Grassroots Historian, and America's Unpaid Goodwill Ambassador at Large (1974).

McNeer, May Yonge (February 26, 1902, Tampa, Florida -- July 11, 1994, Reston, Virginia) Columbia School of Journalism graduate (1926). Author of children's books. Married Lynd Ward in 1926. Ward illustrated many of her books including America's Mark Twain (1962).

Meine, Franklin Julius (May 18, 1896, Chicago, Illinois -- December 28, 1968, Washington, D.C.) University of Chicago graduate (1917). Author, editor, folklorist, Mark Twain collector. Publications include Tall Tales of the Southwest (1930), Mike Fink (coauthor with Walter Blair, 1933), Mark Twain's [date 1601] Conversation as it was by the Social Fireside in the Time of the Tudors (editor, 1938).

Meltzer, Milton (May 18, 1915, Worcester, Massachusetts -- September 19, 2009, Manhattan, New York). Attended Columbia University (1932-36) but did not graduate. Prolific author and self-trained historian. Received American Library Association’s Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal for his contribution to children’s literature (2001). Adjunct professor at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Publications include Mark Twain Himself (1960, 1993).

Miers, Earl Schenck (May 27, 1910, Brooklyn, New York -- November 17, 1972). American historian. Honorary degrees from Lincoln College and Rutgers University. Publications include Mark Twain on the Mississippi (1957).

Nagawara, Makoto (November 7, 1927, Hiroshima, Japan -- May 23, 2013, Kyoto, Japan). Kyoto University MA (1953). First President of the Japan Mark Twain Society (1997-2000). Professional career at Ritsumeikan University (1954-1993), Tachibana University (1993-1998). Prolific contributor to both Japanese and American journals on Mark Twain. Publications in Japanese language include Reading Mark Twain (1992), Reading is Fun: Twain, Dickinson and Hemingway (2004), Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1 (co-translator with Ryo Waguri, et al., 2013).

Neider, Charles (January 18, 1915, Odessa, Russia -- July 4, 2001, Princeton, New Jersey). City University of New York graduate. Anthologizer, editor, author. Publications he edited include The Complete Short Stories of Mark Twain (1957), The Autobiography of Mark Twain (1959), The Complete Humorous Sketches and Tales of Mark Twain (1961), Mark Twain: Life As I Find It (1961), The Travels of Mark Twain (1961), Complete Essays of Mark Twain (1963), The Adventures of Colonel Sellers (1965), The Complete Travel Books of Mark Twain (1966), Mark Twain (1967), The Comic Mark Twain Reader (1977), The Selected Letters of Mark Twain (1972), A Tramp Abroad (1977), Plymouth Rock and the Pilgrims and Other Salutary Platform Opinions (1984), Papa: An Intimate Biography of Mark Twain by Susy Clemens (1985), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1985), Mark Twain at His Best: A Comprehensive Sampler (1986), The Outrageous Mark Twain (1987).

North, Thomas Sterling (November 4, 1906, Edgerton, Wisconsin -- December 22, 1974, Morristown, New Jersey). Attended University of Chicago (1925-28) but left prior to graduation. Author and journalist. Professional career at Chicago Daily News (1929-43), New York Post (1943-49), New YorkWorld Telegram & Sun (1949-56). Founder and general editor of North Star Books (1957-74). Publications include Mark Twain and the River (1961).

Norton, Charles Albert (October 18, 1920, Cincinnati, Ohio -- January 3, 2006, Cincinnati, Ohio). Attended University of Cincinnati Evening College. Professional career at King Library, Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Publications include Writing Tom Sawyer: The Adventures of a Classic (1983), Mark Twain and the Jumping Frog: Simon Wheeler and Huckleberry Finn, A Genetic Relationship (1992), Huckleberry Finn and Mark Twain: Death, Deceit, Dreams, and Disguises (2000).

O'Connor, Laurel (pseudonym). See Stones, Laurabell Reed Connor.

Paine, Albert Bigelow (July 10, 1861, New Bedford, Massachusetts -- April 9, 1937, New Smyrna, Florida). Limited formal schooling. Magazine editor. Clemens's official biographer, literary executor, and first editor of the Mark Twain Papers. Publications include: Mark Twain: A Biography (1912), The Boy's Life of Mark Twain (1916), What Is Man? and Other Essays (editor, 1917), Mark Twain's Letters (1917), Mark Twain's Speeches (editor, 1917), A Short Life of Mark Twain (1920), The Mysterious Stranger and Other Stories (editor, 1922), Europe and Elsewhere (editor, 1923), Mark Twain's Autobiography (1934), Mark Twain's Notebook (editor, 1935).

Peare, Catherine Owens (1911, New Jersey -- 28 March 1971, Danbury, Connecticut). Biographer and children's author. Graduate New Jersey State Teachers College. Publications include Mark Twain: His Life (1954).

Pellowe, William Charles Smithson (December 9, 1890, Bristol, England -- March 2, 1965, Adrian, Michigan). Doctorate American Theological Seminary, Wilmington, Delaware. Methodist minister. Publications include Mark Twain: Pilgrim from Hannibal (1946).

Petersen, Svend (March 13, 1911, Binderup, Denmark -- January 18, 1992, Seminole, Florida). Graduate Newell, Iowa High School (1930). Political researcher and analyst. Worked on the staff of United States Senator Robert Taft (1952); on the staff of United States Senator Gordon Allott (1955-58). Publications include Mark Twain and the Government (editor, 1960).

Petersen, William John (January 30, 1901, Dubuque, Iowa -- February 2, 1989, Dubuque, Iowa). University of Iowa doctorate (1930). Historian of steamboat travel on the Mississippi River. Credited with recovering Mark Twain's steamboat pilot license from old archives in St. Louis, Missouri (1928). Professional career University of Iowa (1930-68), Superintendent of State Historical Society of Iowa (1947-1972). Publications include Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi (1937, 1968).

Pettit, Arthur Gordon (May 20, 1938, San Diego, California -- June 3, 1977, Colorado Springs, Colorado). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1970). Professional career at Colorado College (1968-1977). Publications include Mark Twain and the South (1974).

Phipps, William Eugene (January 28, 1930, Waynesboro, Virginia -- March 2, 2010, Richmond, Virginia). University of St. Andrews doctorate (1954). Professional career at Davis & Elkins College (1956-95). Publications include Mark Twain's Religion (2003).

Pichler, Richard (July 7, 1868, Austria -- after April 1935). Also known as P. Richards, Peter Richards, Paul Richards. Freelance newspaper artist and journalist. Contributions in Chicago Sunday Inter Ocean, Chicago Evening News, Chicago Saturday Evening News, Billboard, and Judge. Professional career with New York Clipper beginning in 1905. German language publications include Zeichner und "Gezeichnete": aus den Erinnerungen eines Amerikanischen Zeichners und Journalisten (2016 English translation by Barbara Schmidt: Draftsman and "Drawn": from the Memoirs of an American Cartoonist and Journalist), Mark Twain Anekdoten, Gesammelt und mit einem Vorwort Versehen (Mark Twain Anecdotes Collected and Provided with a Foreword) (1914).

Pond, James Burton (June 11, 1838, Cuba, New York -- June 21, 1903, Jersey City, New Jersey). Limited formal schooling. Journeyman printer (1856). Began professional career as a lecture manager with James Redpath's Lyceum Bureau (1874). Managed Mark Twain's lecture tour with George Washington Cable (1884-85) and Mark Twain's lecture tour between New York and British Columbia (1895). Publications include Eccentricites of Genius (1900).

Post, Jimmie David "Jim" (October 28, 1939, Houston, Texas -- September 14, 2022, Dubuque, Iowa). Graduate Charles H. Milby High School, Houston, Texas (1958); attended Sam Houston State Teachers College (1959). Musician, songwriter, playwright, entertainer and Mark Twain impersonator. Works include the one man plays "Galena Rose: How Whiskey Won the West" (1987), "Mark Twain and the Laughing River" (1995), "Mark Twain's Adventures Out West" (2000). His song "Mighty Big River" was featured in the Ken Burns documentary "Mark Twain" (2002).

Prosser, Harold Lee (December 31, 1944, Springfield, Missouri -- July 10, 2011, Springfield, Missouri). Prolific writer on science fiction, music, paranormal subjects, and many other fields. Graduate Southwest Missouri State University; doctorate New Mexico Theological Seminary (1997). Publications include Missouri Hauntings (2008), UFOs in Missouri (2011), Mark Twain: Strange and Wonderful (2011).

Proudfit, Isabel Boyd (April 16, 1898, Evanston, Illinois -- May 12, 1984, New Britain, Connecticut). Columbia University master's degree (1958). Journalist and children's author. Publications include River-Boy: The Story of Mark Twain (1940).

Prud'hommeaux, Patricia Whyte Gordon (May 24, 1904, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada -- May 5, 1974, Winter Harbor, Maine). May have attended University of Washington studying journalism. Journalist and author. Professional career with newspapers in San Francisco and New York City. Married writer Rene M. Prud'hommeaux, (May 9, 1913, Alexandria, Egypt -- March 26, 1993, Gouldsboro, Maine). After World War II wrote under the pseudonym of Joan Howard. Publications include The Story of Mark Twain (1953).

Quackenbush, Robert Mead (July 23, 1929, Hollywood, California -- May 17, 2021, New York, New York). Graduate of Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California (1956). Prolific illustrator, author of children's books, and educator. In the 1990s he obtained degrees in Social Science from Fordham University and a doctorate in Childhood Education from the International University for Graduate Studies at age 70. He wrote and illustrated more than 200 books. Publications include Mark Twain? What Kind of Name is That? (1984).

Quick, Dorothy Gertrude (Brooklyn, New York, September 1, 1896 -- March 15, 1962, New York, New York). Educated in Europe. Author and poet. Publications include Enchantment: A Little Girl's Friendship with Mark Twain (1961). The book was the basis for the television film Mark Twain and Me (1991).

Ramsay, Robert Lee (December 14, 1880, Sumter, South Carolina -- December 14, 1953, Columbia, Missouri). John Hopkins University doctorate (1905). Professional career at University of Missouri (1907-53). Founding member of the American Name Society (1951). Publications include A Mark Twain Lexicon (coauthor with Frances Guthrie Emberson, 1963).

Read, Opie P. (December 22, 1852, Nashville Tennessee -- November 2, 1939, Chicago Illinois). Attended classes at Neophogen College in Tennessee while working as a printer on the college newspaper. Journalist, author and humorist. Founded the humor magazine The Arkansas Traveler (1882). Active lecturer and Chautauqua performer. Appeared in the 1920 silent film Birthright. Publications include Mark Twain and I (1940).

Regan, Robert Charles (March 13, 1930, Indianapolis, Indiana -- July 5, 2016, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). University of California, Berkeley doctorate (1965). Professional career at University of Virginia (1963-67), University of Pennsylvania (1968-2016). Publications include Unpromising Heroes, Mark Twain and His Characters (1966).

Richards, P. - see Pichler, Richard

Richards, Paul - see Pichler, Richard

Richards, Peter - see Pichler, Richard

Rodney, Robert Morris (August 21, 1911, Indiana -- December 28, 2001, Simsbury, Connecticut). University of Wisconsin doctorate (1945). Professional career at Eastern Montana State College (1967-77). Publications include The Art, Humor, and Humanity of Mark Twain (coeditor with Minnie May Brashear, 1959), The Birds and Beasts of Mark Twain (coeditor with Minnie May Brashear, 1966), Mark Twain International : A Bibliography and Interpretation of His Worldwide Popularity (1982), Mark Twain Overseas: A Biographical Account of His Voyages, Travels, and Reception in Foreign Lands, 1866-1910 (1993).

Rogers, Franklin Robert (July 25, 1921, New York, New York -- December 3, 2011, San Jose, California). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1958). Professional career at San Jose State (1963-1986). Publications include Simon Wheeler, Detective (editor, 1963), Mark Twain's Satires and Burlesques (editor, 1967), Roughing It (editor, 1972).

Roper, Gordon Herbert (April 22, 1911, Brantford, Ontario, Canada -- February 20, 2005, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada). University of Chicago doctorate (1944). Professional career at Yale University (1939-40), University of Chicago (1941-44, 46), Trinity College at the University of Toronto (1946-69), Trent University (1969-75). Publications include "Mark Twain and His Canadian Publishers," American Book Collector (June 1960), "Mark Twain and His Canadian Publishers: A Second Look," Papers of the Bibliographical Society of Canada (1966).

Rosenbalm, John Olmsted "Jack" (October 8, 1938, Dallas, Texas -- September 22, 2015, San Marcos, Texas). North Texas State University doctorate (1974). Professional career at Texas State University, formerly Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas (1971-2001). Founding member of American Humor Studies Association; editor of Studies in American Humor.

Royal, Derek Parker (October 24, 1963 Mecklenburg, North Carolina -- July 11, 2019, Charlotte, North Carolina). Purdue University doctorate (2000). Editor and Educator. Co-founder of MLA Forum on Comics and Graphic Narratives. Co-host and editor of "The Comics Alternative" podcast and blog. Professional career Purdue University (1992-1998); North Georgia College and State University (1998-2001); Prairie View A&M University (2001-2003); Texas A&M University - Commerce (2003-2010); University of Texas at Dallas. Works include "The Clinician as Enslaver: Pudd'nhead Wilson and the Rationalization of Identity," Texas Studies in Literature and Language (2002); "Meddling with 'hifalut'n foolishness': 'Capturing Mark Twain in Recent Comics'," Mark Twain Annual (2009).

Sabath, Bernard (January 9, 1923, Rock Island, Illinois -- November 20, 2014, Sarasota, Florida). Augustana College Bachelor of Arts (1945). Playwright and educator. Professional career at Northwestern University. Plays include The Man Who Lost the River (1966); A Happy New Year to the Whole World Except Alexander Graham Bell (1969); The Boys in Autumn (1974); Silver Watches for My Daughters (1975); Twain Beneath the Stars (1983); Twain Plus Twain (1984); Hannibal Blues (1984); Daughter of the Giant (1984); You Caught Me Dancing (1987).

Salomon, Roger Blaine (February 26, 1928, Providence, Rhode Island -- October 4, 2020, Cleveland, Ohio). University of California, Berkeley doctorate (1957). Professional career at Mills College (1955-1957); Yale (1957-1966); Case Western Reserve University (1969-1999). In 1964 Salomon was one of the original editors assigned to edit a California-Iowa Works edition of Mark Twain's The Prince and the Pauper. He later left that project before the volume was published. Publications include Twain and the Image of History (1961).

Salsbury, Edith Frances Colgate (August 14, 1907, Bedford, New York -- September 26, 1971, Hartford, Connecticut). Graduate of Smith College and the Americaine des Beaux Arts, Fountainbleau, France (1931). Artist and author. Trustee of the Mark Twain Memorial in Hartford. Publications include Susy and Mark Twain: Family Dialogues (1965).

Sanborn, Margaret Angela Ryder (December 7, 1914, Alameda, California -- September 18, 2004, Mill Valley, California). Attended College of Marin (1932-34) and California School of Fine Arts, San Francisco (1934-36). Author and daughter of California journalist David Warren Ryder. Publications include Mark Twain: The Bachelor Years (1990).

Schmitter, Dean Morgan (June 14, 1917, Rubio, Iowa -- October 9, 2002, Closter, New Jersey). Columbia University doctorate (1955). Professional career at Columbia University (1947-1986). Publications include Mark Twain: A Collection of Criticism (editor, 1974).

Scott, Arthur Lincoln ( May 31, 1914, Long Island, New York -- September 26, 1998). University of Michigan doctorate (1948). Teacher, singer, world traveler. Taught at University of Illinois at Urbana until 1970. Publications include Mark Twain: Selected Criticism, (editor, 1955, 1967), On the Poetry of Mark Twain (editor, 1966), Mark Twain at Large (1969).

Seelye, John Douglas (January 1, 1931, Hartford, Connecticut -- April 20, 2015, Gainesville, Florida). Claremont Graduate School doctorate (1961). Professional career at University of California at Berkeley, University of Connecticut, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dartmouth College, University of Florida at Gainesville. General editor of the Penguin American Library (1979). Publications include The True Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1970, revised, 1987), The Kid (1972), Mark Twain in the Movies: A Meditation with Pictures (1977). He wrote introductions and notes to numerous Penguins Classics volumes, and his introductions to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn editions remained in print for three decades.

Schönemann, Friedrich (May 30, 1886, Cottbus, Germany -- April 23, 1956, Husum, Germany). Also spelled Friedrich Schonemann. German educator specializing in American cultural and literary history; later became a member of the Nazi party. University of Marburg doctorate (1912). Professional career at Hunter College (NY) and Wesleyan (1911-1913), Harvard (1913-20), University of Münster (1921), University of Berlin (1926-36), University of Nebraska (1936-37). Dismissed from the German academic system after 1945. Publications include Mark Twain als literarische Persönlichkeit (1925).

Simpson, Claude M. (July 29, 1910, Kansas City, Missouri -- April 5, 1976, Pasadena, California). Harvard doctorate (1936). Professional career at East Carolina College (1935-1936), University of Wisconsin (1936-1939), Harvard (1939-1942), Ohio State University (1947-1964), Stanford University 1964-1973). Publications include Twentieth Century Interpretations of the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (editor, 1968).

Skom, Edith Rosen (August 8, 1929 -- February 3, 2016, Skokie, Illinois). Northwestern University doctorate (1978). Novelist and educator. Professional career at Northwestern University (1978-2012). Publications include The Mark Twain Murders (1989).

Smith, Janet (August 15, 1912, Michigan -- March 1, 1994, New York). Also known as Janet Katz, Mrs. Nathan Katz. Freelance writer and lifetme student of Mark Twain. Publications include Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race (editor, 1962), Mark Twain on Man and Beast (editor, 1972).

Smith, Henry Nash (September 29, 1906, Dallas, Texas -- May 30, 1986, Elko, Nevada). Harvard doctorate.(1940). Editor of the Mark Twain Papers (1953-64, 1979). Publications include Mark Twain of the Enterprise (coeditor with Frederick Anderson, 1957), Mark Twain-Howells Letters (coeditor with William M. Gibson, 1960), Mark Twain: The Development of a Writer (1962), Mark Twain: A Collection of Critical Essays (editor, 1963), Mark Twain's Fable of Progress (editor, 1964).

Somerville, Edith Anna Oenone (May 2, 1858, island of Corfu -- October 8, 1949, Castletownshend, Cork, Ireland). Attended Royal Westminster School of Art, London; honorary doctorate Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland (1932). Irish novelist and author. Publications include Mark Twain Birthday Book (editor, 1885).

Stahl, John Daniel (July 3, 1952 -- July 15, 2010, Blacksburg, Virginia). University of Connecticut doctorate (1982). Professional career at Virginia Tech (1982-2010). Publications include Mark Twain, Culture and Gender: Envisioning America through Europe (1994).

Stone, Albert E., Jr. (January 1, 1924, New London, Connecticut -- January 13, 2012). Yale doctorate (1957). Professional career at Yale (1955-62), Emory (1962-77), University of Iowa (1977-91). Publications include The Innocent Eye: Childhood in Mark Twain's Imagination (1961).

Stones, Laurabell Reed Connor (August 19, 1901, Battle Creek, Michigan -- June 29, 1999, Fort Worth, Texas). Used pseudonym Laurel O'Connor. Also known as Laura Belle Reed Connor. Graduate of Feagin School of Drama and Radio, New York (1950). Librarian, writer, lecturer. Book reviewer for Battle Creek Enquirer (1938-40). Publications include Drinking with Twain. Recollections of Mark Twain and his Cronies as told to me Laurel O'Connor, Raconteuse (1936).

Stong, Philip Duffield (January 27, 1899, Keosauqua, Iowa -- April 26, 1957, Washington, Connecticut). Author and journalist. Graduate Drake University (1919). Professional career Des Moines Register and Tribune (1923-25), Associated Press (1925-26), Liberty Magazine (1928), Editor and Publisher (1929), The New York World (1929-31). Best known for his novel State Fair (1932). Other publications include Mississippi Pilot: With Mark Twain on the Great River (1954).

Stoutenburg, Adrien (December 1, 1916, Darfur, Minnesota -- April 14, 1982, Santa Barbara, California). Attended Minneapolis School of Art (1936-38). Librarian, editor, poet, and author. Professional career at Parnassus Press (1956-58). Published under the pseudonyms Barbie Arden, Lace Kendall, and Nelson Minier. Publications include Dear, Dear Livy, co-author with Laura Nelson Baker (1963).

Strong, Leah A. (March 14, 1922, Buffalo, New York -- August 27, 2006, Sarasota, Florida). Syracuse University doctorate (1953). Professional career at Cedar Crest College at Allentown, Pennsylvania (1953-61), Wesleyan College at Macon, Georgia (1961-87). Publications include Joseph Hopkins Twitchell: Mark Twain's Friend and Pastor (1966).

Taper, Bernard Basel (January 28, 1918, Scotland -- October 17, 2016, Berkeley, California). University of California at Berkeley graduate (1943), Stanford University master's degree (1955). Journalist and educator. Professional career with The New Yorker magazine (1956-96), University of California, Berkeley (1970-98). During World War II, Taper served as one of the U.S. Army's "Monuments Men" a group of soldiers assigned to recover works of art looted by the Nazis. Publications include Mark Twain's San Francisco (editor, 1963).

Taylor, Coley Banks (July 5, 1899, New York -- February 18, 1992, Mexico City, Mexico). Graduate Wesleyan University (1922). Professional career University of the Americas, Mexico City, Mexico. Publications include Mark Twain's Margins on Thackeray's "Swift" (1935).

Teller, Charlotte (March 3, 1876, Louisville, Kentucky -- December 30, 1953, Versaille, France). Graduate University of Chicago (1899). Novelist who developed a friendship with Mark Twain. Publications include S.L.C. to C.T. (editor, 1925).

Tenney, Thomas Asa (June 20, 1931, New York City, New York -- February 1, 2012, Charleston, South Carolina). University of Pennsylvania doctorate (1971). Cyril Clemens's successor as editor of the Mark Twain Journal (1983). Publications include Mark Twain: A Reference Guide (1977), Satire or Evasion?: Black Perspectives on Huckleberry Finn (coeditor with James S. Leonard and Thadious M. Davis, 1992).

Thomson, George David "Dave" (March 31, 1948, Los Angeles, California -- July 3, 2021, Los Angeles, California). Chouinard Art Institute graduate. Professional career with Walt Disney Studios (1973-1991), Hyperion Pictures (1992), Turner Feature Animation (1994-1997). Long time researcher and collector of Mark Twain and steamboat memorabilia. Award winning photographer and member of the Cinematographer's Guild. Honorary member of the Mark Twain Home Foundation Board. Publications include Hannibal Heritage (jacket designer and coauthor with J. Hurley Hagood and Roberta Hagood, 2003); A River, a Town and a Boy by Martha Adrian and Roberta Hagood (jacket designer and editor, 2006).

Todd, William Burton (April 11, 1919, Chester, Pennsylvania -- August 27, 2011, Austin, Texas). University of Chicago doctorate (1949). Bibliographer. Professional career at Salem College, Harvard, University of Texas. Served on editorial board of the Iowa-California editions of Works of Mark Twain. Publications include Tauchnitz International Editions in English, 1841-1955 (1988).

Tuckey, John Sutton (July 27, 1921, Washington, D.C. -- Crown Point, Indiana, September 4, 1987). Notre Dame doctorate (1953). Professional career at Purdue University at Calumet (1953-87). Publications include Mark Twain and Little Satan (1963), Mark Twain's "The Mysterious Stranger" and the Critics (1968), Which Was the Dream? and Other Symbolic Writings of the Later Years (editor, 1967), Fables of Man (editor, 1982), No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger (editor, 1982).

Turner, Henry Arlin (November 25, 1909, Hopkins, Texas -- April 24, 1980, Austin, Texas). University of Texas doctorate (1934). Professional career at University of Texas (1934-36), Louisiana State University (1936-53), Duke University (1953-78). Publications include Mark Twain [and] G. W. Cable: The Record of a Literary Friendship (1960).

Valentine-Fonorow, Edith "Billie" (September 18, 1924, Chicago, Illinois -- September 4, 2008, Tuscson, Arizona). Graduate Catholic Academy,Chicago. Worked as a model in the 1940s prior to marrying Milton Fonorow; homemaker; docent at Arizona Historical Society. Publications include Was It Heaven or Hell?: Triumphs and Torments of Mark Twain (1994).

Varble, Rachel M. (February 3, 1893, Kentucky -- August 14, 1976, Kenton, Kentucky). Author. Publications include Jane Clemens: The Story of Mark Twain's Mother (1964).

Vinton, William Gale (November 17, 1948, McMinnville, Oregon -- October 4, 2008, Portland, Oregon). Attended University of California at Berkeley. Pioneer of "Claymation" film animation techniques. Films include The Adventures of Mark Twain, director (1985).

Vogelback, Arthur Lawrence (March 24, 1907, New York, New York -- October 27, 1983, Lynchburg, Virginia). University of Chicago doctorate (1938). Professional career at Mary Washington College, Ripon College, Sweet Briar College (1955-67), Salisbury State College. Publications include "The Publication and Reception of Huckleberry Finn in America" (American Literature, November 1939); "Mark Twain: Newspaper Contributor" (American Literature, May 1948).

Walker, Franklin Dickerson (November 13, 1900, Republic, Michigan -- December 29, 1978, Oakland, California). Rhodes Scholar (1921-23). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1932). Professional career at San Diego State College (1926-40), University of Oregon (1940-46). Publications include Washoe Giant in San Francisco (editor, 1938, 1973, 1976, 1977), San Francisco's Literary Frontier (1939, 1969), Mark Twain's Travels with Mr. Brown (coeditor with George Ezra Dane, 1940), Irreverent Pilgrims: Melville, Browne and Mark Twain in the Holy Land (1974).

Wallace, Elizabeth (May 5, 1865, Bogota, Columbia -- April 10, 1960, Hennepin, Minnesota). Wellesley graduate (1886). Educator and author. Professional career University of Chicago (1892-1927), where she became the first woman to attain rank of full professor in 1923. Publications include Mark Twain and the Happy Island (1914), The Unending Journey (1952).

Wagenknecht, Edward (March 28, 1900, Chicago, Illinois -- May 24, 2004, St. Alban's, Vermont). University of Washington doctorate (1932). Professional career at University of Washington (1925-43), Illinois Institute of Technology (1943-47), Boston University (1947-65). Publications include Mark Twain: The Man and His Work (1935, revised 1961 and 1967).

Webster, Samuel Charles (July 8, 1884, New York, New York -- March 24, 1962, Wilmington, Delaware). Son of Mark Twain's neice Annie Moffett and Charles Luther Webster who was head of Mark Twain's publishing company (1884-88). Publications include Mark Twain, Business Man (1946).

Wecter, Dixon (January 12, 1906, Houston, Texas -- June 24, 1950, Sacramento, California). Yale doctorate (1936). Educator and social historian. Succeeded Bernard DeVoto as editor of the Mark Twain Papers (1946). Professional career at University of Denver, University of Colorado, University of California at Los Angeles, University of Chicago, University of California at Berkeley. Publications include Mark Twain's Letters to Mrs. Fairbanks (editor, 1949), The Love Letters of Mark Twain (editor 1950), Sam Clemens of Hannibal (1952), Report from Paradise (1952).

West, Victor Royce (July 26, 1906, Redford, Iowa -- July 20, 1984, Evanston, Illinois). University of Heidelberg doctorate (1932). Journalist and public relations specialist. Professional career University of Nebraska, Pillsbury Company, Standard Oil Company. Publications include Folklore in the Works of Mark Twain (1930).

Wiggins, Robert Alonzo (February 8, 1921, Georgia -- September 23, 1989, Sacramento, California). University of California at Berkeley doctorate (1953). Professional career at University of California, Davis (1950-89). Publications include Mark Twain: Jackleg Novelist (1964).

Wilson, James D. (July 27, 1946, Memphis, Tennessee -- November 16, 1996, Lafayette, Louisiana). Louisiana State University doctorate (1972). Professional career at Georgia State University (1972-86), University of Southwestern Louisiana (1986-1996). Publications include A Reader's Guide to the Short Stories of Mark Twain (1987), The Mark Twain Encyclopedia (coeditor with J. R. LeMaster, 1993).

Wisbey, Herbert A., Jr. (April 20, 1919, Boston, Massachusetts -- March 17, 2000, Horseheads, New York). Columbia University doctorate (1951). Professional career at Elmira College (1965-86). Founding director of the Center for Mark Twain Studies at Quarry Farm (1983-86). Publications include Mark Twain in Elmira (coauthor with Robert D. Jerome, 1977).

Wood, Clement Richardson (September 1, 1888, Tuscaloosa, Alabama -- October 26, 1950, Schenectady, New York). Yale law degree (1911). Practiced law in Birmingham, Alabama (1911-1913). Relocated to New York to pursue a literary career. Worked as secretary to writer Upton Sinclair; taught in private schools in New York and New Jersey including Pingry School (1914) and Barnard School for Boys (1914-1922); lectured for White Star passenger ship line; columnist for New York Call (1915); wrote for Haldeman-Julius "Little Blue Book" series throughout career; headed American Literary Association (1924-1926); instructor of poetry at Washington Square Writing Center of New York University (1939-40); resident poet for College of William and Mary (1941-1942). Best known for his popularizations of black American songs and handbooks on poetry. Also wrote novels, a rhyming dictionary, biographies and an autobiography, The Glory Road (1934). Wrote two pastiches of Mark Twain works Tom Sawyer Grows Up (1939); More Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1940).

Wood, James Playsted (December 11, 1905, Brooklyn, New York -- August 19, 1983, Springfield, Massachusetts). Author and educator. Columbia University master's degree (1933). Professional career Amherst College (1937-46), Curtis Publishing Company (1946-66). Publications include Spunkwater, Spunkwater!: A Life of Mark Twain (1968).

Zall, Paul Maxwell (August 3, 1922, Lowell, Massachusetts -- December 16, 2009, South Pasadena, California). Harvard doctorate (1950). Professional career at California State University, Los Angeles (1957-1987). Publications include Mark Twain Laughing: Humorous Anecdotes by and about Samuel Clemens (editor, 1985).

Zwick, Jim (March 23, 1956 -- January 24, 2008, Syracuse, New York). Syracuse University Master of Arts in Comparative Politics and World History. American studies scholar and internet web designer. Publications include Mark Twain's Weapons of Satire (1992), Inuit Entertainers in the United States (2006), Confronting Imperialism: Essays on Mark Twain and the Anti-Imperialist League (2007).